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A review of cryogenic power generation cycles with liquefied natural gas cold energy utilization

Feier XUE,Yu CHEN,Yonglin JU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第3期页码 363-374 doi: 10.1007/s11708-016-0397-7

摘要： Liquefied natural gas (LNG), an increasingly widely applied clean fuel, releases a large number of cold energy in its regasification process. In the present paper, the existing power generation cycles utilizing LNG cold energy are introduced and summarized. The direction of cycle improvement can be divided into the key factors affecting basic power generation cycles and the structural enhancement of cycles utilizing LNG cold energy. The former includes the effects of LNG-side parameters, working fluids, and inlet and outlet thermodynamic parameters of equipment, while the latter is based on Rankine cycle, Brayton cycle, Kalina cycle and their compound cycles. In the present paper, the diversities of cryogenic power generation cycles utilizing LNG cold energy are discussed and analyzed. It is pointed out that further researches should focus on the selection and component matching of organic mixed working fluids and the combination of process simulation and experimental investigation, etc.

关键词： liquefied natural gas (LNG) cold energy power generation cycle Rankine cycle compound cycle

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A simplified model of direct-contact heat transfer in desalination system utilizing LNG cold energy

Qingqing SHEN, Wensheng LIN, Anzhong GU, Yonglin JU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第2期页码 122-128 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0175-0

摘要： With the increasingly extensive utilization of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in China today, sustainable and effective using of LNG cold energy is becoming increasingly important. In this paper, the utilization of LNG cold energy in seawater desalination system is proposed and analyzed. In this system, the cold energy of the LNG is first transferred to a kind of refrigerant, i.e., butane, which is immiscible with water. The cold refrigerant is then directly injected into the seawater. As a result, the refrigerant droplet is continuously heated and vaporized, and in consequence some of the seawater is simultaneously frozen. The formed ice crystal contains much less salt than that in the original seawater. A simplified model of the direct-contact heat transfer in this desalination system is proposed and theoretical analyses are conducted, taking into account both energy balance and population balance. The number density distribution of two-phase bubbles, the heat transfer between the two immiscible fluids, and the temperature variation are then deduced. The influences of initial size of dispersed phase droplets, the initial temperature of continuous phase, and the volumetric heat transfer coefficient are also clarified. The calculated results are in reasonable agreement with the available experimental data of the R114/water system.

关键词： liquefied natural gas (LNG) cold energy utilization desalination direct-contact heat transfer

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A review on technologies with electricity generation potentials using liquified natural gas regasificationcold energy

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第3期页码 332-379 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0863-y

摘要： In modern times, worldwide requirements to curb greenhouse gas emissions, and increment in energy demand due to the progress of humanity, have become a serious concern. In such scenarios, the effective and efficient utilization of the liquified natural gas (LNG) regasification cold energy (RCE), in the economically and environmentally viable methods, could present a great opportunity in tackling the core issues related to global warming across the world. In this paper, the technologies that are widely used to harness the LNG RCE for electrical power have been reviewed. The systems incorporating, the Rankine cycles, Stirling engines, Kalina cycles, Brayton cycles, Allam cycles, and fuel cells have been considered. Additionally, the economic and environmental studies apart from the thermal studies have also been reviewed. Moreover, the discussion regarding the systems with respect to the regassification pressure of the LNG has also been provided. The aim of this paper is to provide guidelines for the prospective researchers and policy makers in their decision making.

关键词： liquified natural gas cold energy power generation

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温差能与低温海水资源综合利用研究

付强,王国荣,周守为,钟林,张理,余兴勇,杨浦

《中国工程科学》 2021年第23卷第6期页码 52-60 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.06.007

摘要：本文总结了国内外 OTEC 及综合利用的发展模式、技术装备所面临的挑战，针对南海温差能资源开发困境、广东省液化天然气（ LNG）冷能资源浪费等情况，提出了以 LNG 气化的低温海水替代深层海水进行温差能发电的新途径建议以珠海 LNG 气化站为例，探索 LNG 冷能回收 – 温差能发电、低温冷海水综合利用示范基地的发展模式；通过初步概算示范基地的投资与收益，完成了相应模式的经济与技术可行性论证。

关键词：海洋温差能低温海水资源 LNG冷能综合利用温差能发电

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Can the Shanghai LNG Price Index indicate Chinese market?

Yeli ZENG, Cong DONG, Mikael HÖÖK, Jinhua SUN, Danyang SHI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第4期页码 726-739 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0701-4

摘要： China became the world’s second largest liquefied natural gas (LNG) importer in 2018 but has faced extremely high import costs due to a lack of bargaining power. Assessments of the Shanghai LNG Price Index, first released in 2015, are vital for improving the understanding of these cost dynamics. This paper, using the LNG price index data from the Shanghai Petroleum and Gas Exchange (SHPGX) coupled with domestic and international LNG prices from July 1, 2015 to December 31, 2018, estimates several econometric models to evaluate the long-term and short-term equilibriums of the Shanghai LNG Price Index, the responses to market information shocks and the leading or lagging relationships with LNG and alternative energy prices from other agencies. The results show that the LNG price index of the SHPGX has already exhibited a long-term equilibrium and short-term adjustment mechanisms to reflect the average price level and market movements, but the market information transparency and price discovery efficiency of the index are still inadequate. China’s LNG market is still relatively independent of other natural gas markets, and marketization reforms are under way in China. The influence of the SHPGX LNG price index on the trading decisions of market participants is expected to improve with further development of China’s LNG reforms, the formation of a natural gas entry-exit system, and the increasing liquidity of the hub.

关键词： liquefied natural gas price index Shanghai Petroleum and Gas Exchange price discovery market reforms

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Large-scale liquefied natural gas ships

Danping LOU, Yan LI

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第3期页码 461-465 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0090-8

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Numerical simulation and analysis of periodically oscillating pressure characteristics of inviscid flow in a rolling pipe

Yan GU, Yonglin JU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第1期页码 21-28 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0173-2

摘要： Floating liquefied natural gas (LNG) plants are gaining increasing attention in offshore energy exploitation. The effects of the periodically oscillatory motion on the fluid flow in all processes on the offshore plant are very complicated and require detailed thermodynamic and hydrodynamic analyses. In this paper, numerical simulations are conducted by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code combined with user defined function (UDF) in order to understand the periodically oscillating pressure characteristics of inviscid flow in the rolling pipe. The computational model of the circular pipe flow is established with the excitated rolling motion, at the excitated frequencies of 1–4 rad/s, and the excitated amplitudes of 3°–15°, respectively. The influences of flow velocities and excitated conditions on pressure characteristics, including mean pressure, frequency and amplitude are systematically investigated. It is found that the pressure fluctuation of the inviscid flow remains almost constant at different flow velocities. The amplitude of the pressure fluctuation increases with the increasing of the excitated amplitude, and decreases with the increasing of the excitated frequency. It is also found that the period of the pressure fluctuation varies with the excitated frequency. Furthermore, theoretical analyses of the flow in the rolling circular pipe are conducted and the results are found in qualitative agreement with the numerical simulations.

关键词： pressure fluctuation rolling floating production storage and offloading unit for liquefied natural gas (LNG-FPSO) offshore

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Comprehensive comparison of small-scale natural gas liquefaction processes using brazed plate heat exchangers

Jitan WU, Yonglin JU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第4期页码 683-698 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0705-0

摘要： The brazed plate heat exchanger (BPHE) has some advantages over the plate-fin heat exchanger (PFHE) when used in natural gas liquefaction processes, such as the convenient installation and transportation, as well as the high tolerance of carbon dioxide (CO ) impurities. However, the BPHEs with only two channels cannot be applied directly in the conventional liquefaction processes which are designed for multi-stream heat exchangers. Therefore, the liquefaction processes using BPHEs are different from the conventional PFHE processes. In this paper, four different liquefaction processes using BPHEs are optimized and comprehensively compared under respective optimal conditions. The processes are compared with respect to energy consumption, economic performance, and robustness. The genetic algorithm (GA) is applied as the optimization method and the total revenue requirement (TRR) method is adopted in the economic analysis. The results show that the modified single mixed refrigerant (MSMR) process with part of the refrigerant flowing back to the compressor at low temperatures has the lowest specific energy consumption but the worst robustness of the four processes. The MSMR with fully utilization of cold capacity of the refrigerant shows a satisfying robustness and the best economic performance. The research in this paper is helpful for the application of BPHEs in natural gas liquefaction processes.

关键词： liquefied natural gas brazed plate heat exchanger energy consumption economic performance robustness

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LNG总买总卖模式上下游天然气销售合同商务架构搭建与风险传递

王家祥,罗伟中,陈翔,赵瑞聪,孙前,慕琦,王曦

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第5期页码 98-102

摘要：

在总买总卖模式下中海油气电集团国际贸易公司通过下游天然气销售合同条款的安排，使得在商务架构上中海油气电集团国际贸易公司成为上下游合同承上启下的合同主体，并保持了上下游合同的一致性且最大程度地减低中海油气电集团国际贸易公司的法律风险，做到风险无缝传递。

关键词：总买总卖商务架构风险传递

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Research on the theory and application of adsorbed natural gas used in new energy vehicles: A review

Zhengwei NIE,Yuyi LIN,Xiaoyi JIN

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第11卷第3期页码 258-274 doi: 10.1007/s11465-016-0381-2

摘要：

Natural gas, whose primary constituent is methane, has been considered a convincing alternative for the growth of the energy supply worldwide. Adsorbed natural gas (ANG), the most promising methane storage method, has been an active field of study in the past two decades. ANG constitutes a safe and low-cost way to store methane for natural gas vehicles at an acceptable energy density while working at substantially low pressures (3.5–4.0 MPa), allowing for conformable store tank. This work serves to review the state-of-the-art development reported in the scientific literature on adsorbents, adsorption theories, ANG conformable tanks, and related technologies on ANG vehicles. Patent literature has also been searched and discussed. The review aims at illustrating both achievements and problems of the ANG technologies-based vehicles, as well as forecasting the development trends and critical issues to be resolved of these technologies.

关键词： adsorbed natural gas (ANG) adsorbent adsorption theory conformable tank natural gas vehicles (NGVs)

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Approach for natural gas to be a primary energy source in China

Weihe HUANG, Jindian CHEN, Chuan FU, Yan HUANG

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第4期页码 467-476 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0068-6

摘要： This work reveals the positioning of natural gas in the evolution of world energy and the general law of its development. In the long-term adjustment of energy structure, natural gas has gradually become the primary energy source because of five factors: policy, resources, technology, facilities, and market. To expedite the revolution of energy production and consumption, China must urgently expand the use of natural gas toward a more positive role in complementing coal and renewable energy and prioritize its usage in three areas, namely, urban gas, power generation, and industrial fuel. Natural gas is expected to account for approximately 15% of China’s total energy consumption in the future. For natural gas to be the primary energy, the exploitation of gas resources must be expanded, resource access must be improved, a flexible trade system must be set up, infrastructure investment must be increased, and the security system must be enhanced.

关键词： natural gas energy revolution primary energy utilization areas approaching means

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LNG-FPSO: Offshore LNG solution

GU Yan, JU Yonglin

《能源前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第3期页码 249-255 doi: 10.1007/s11708-008-0050-1

摘要： The floating production, storage and offloading system for liquefied natural gas (LNG-FPSO), is a new conceptual unit and an effective and realistic way for exploitation, recovery, storage, transportation and end-use applications of marginal gas fields and offshore associated-gas resources. However, a real LNG-FPSO unit cannot be built unless some breakthroughs in many key technologies are produced. Many unique characteristics of LNG-FPSO, such as restricted space, platform motion, LNG sloshing in inner storage tank and offloading system, which have not been considered in the onshore projects, are the most rigorous factors to be taken into account during design. In this paper, the overall layout of a typical LNG-FPSO unit is reviewed; the leading liquefaction technologies and processes are compared and discussed. Taking the effects of the vessel motion and limited space into account, the applicability of the main systems and key equipments of storage, offloading and power supply, are analyzed.

关键词： associated-gas LNG-FPSO transportation recovery effective

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Approach and potential of replacing oil and natural gas with coal in China

Junjie LI, Yajun TIAN, Xiaohui YAN, Jingdong YANG, Yonggang WANG, Wenqiang XU, Kechang XIE

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第2期页码 419-431 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0802-0

摘要： China’s fossil energy is characterized by an abundance of coal and a relative lack of oil and natural gas. Developing a strategy in which coal can replace oil and natural gas is, therefore, a necessary and practical approach to easing the excessive external dependence on oil and natural gas. Based on the perspective of energy security, this paper proposes a technical framework for defining the substitution of oil and natural gas with coal in China. In this framework, three substitution classifications and 11 industrialized technical routes are reviewed. Then, three scenarios (namely, the cautious scenario, baseline scenario, and positive scenario) are developed to estimate the potential of this strategy for 2020 and 2030. The results indicate that oil and natural gas replaced by coal will reach 67 to 81 Mt and 8.7 to 14.3 Gm in 2020 and reach 93 to 138 Mt and 32.3 to 47.3 Gm in 2030, respectively. By implementing this strategy, China’s external dependence on oil, natural gas, and primary energy is expected to be curbed at approximately 70%, 40%, and 20% by 2030, respectively. This paper also demonstrates how coal, as a substitute for oil and natural gas, can contribute to carbon and pollution reduction and economic cost savings. It suggests a new direction for the development of the global coal industry and provides a crucial reference for energy transformation in China and other countries with similar energy situations.

关键词： coal replacing oil and natural gas energy security external dependence energy strategy China

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Survey of thermal comfort in residential buildings under natural conditions in hot humid and cold wet

Changhai PENG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第4期页码 503-511 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0095-1

摘要： Comfort standards (ISO 7730, ASHRAE 55) specify the exact physical criteria for producing acceptable thermal environments, such as temperature, air movement, and humidity limits. These, however, are often difficult to comply with, particularly in hot humid and cold wet seasons in Nanjing, China. Changing expectations of comfort is important in evaluating comfort, since naturally conditioned buildings in Nanjing are not typically air-conditioned. For this objective, a field study was conducted during the summer of 2000 and the winter of 2001. A total of 600 participants each answered a subjective questionnaire. Analyzing these field data shows that in natural conditions, the influence of gender and age on people’s thermal sensations is insignificant compared with six main variables. In addition, people’s thermal discomfort rapidly increases along with growth in relative humidity. Further, the variation of people’s hot or cold sensations is in proportion to that of air movement, and the effect in winter is greater than that in summer. The range of acceptable temperatures in hot humid and cold wet Nanjing is between 14.14°C and 29.42°C.

关键词： thermal comfort naturally conditioned hot humid cold wet Nanjing

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天然气是能源低碳化发展的重要阶段和趋势

胡见义,郭彬程

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第4期页码 9-14

摘要：

随着经济和科技的发展，化石能源发展由低效走向高效，由高碳走向低碳。能源替代将是长期以化石能源为主体和新能源快速发展的过渡。天然气以其常规和非常规巨大资源和高储采比成为低碳化石能源发展的重要阶段，并将成为第一能源。利用化石能源中相对低碳的天然气已引起世界范围的热议和重视，天然气将成为走向能源低碳化的桥梁。天然气在中国也是“新”能源，具有很大的发展潜力。

关键词：天然气低碳化石能源